RADIATOR COOLING LIQUID

RADIATOR COOLING LIQUID

• HISTORY

• Ethylene glycol was first used as an automotive antifreeze in 1926, and it saw widespread use in military applications during World War II. After the war, it became the dominant chemical antifreeze for the remainder of the 20th century. Other chemicals, such as propylene glycol and organic acid technology (OAT), have started gaining in popularity, but ethylene glycol is still widely used.

• A coolant is a fluid which flows through or around a device to prevent the device from overheating, transferring the heat produced by the device to other devices that either use or dissipate it. An ideal coolant has high thermal capacity, low viscosity, is low-cost, non-toxic, chemically inert, and neither causes nor promotes corrosion of the cooling system. 
• Water has excellent heat transfer characteristics that make it well-suited for use as an engine coolant, but there was one small issue: freezing weather. Despite the fact that straight water is great at conducting heat away from internal combustion engines, many localities experience winter temperatures that are far below its freezing temperature. This is an issue due to one of the several interesting characteristics of water.
• INVENTORS/discoverer

• Charles Adolphe Wurtz (26 November 1817 – 10 May 1884) was an Alsatian French chemist.He is best remembered for his decades-long advocacy for the atomic theory and for ideas about the structures of chemical compounds, against the skeptical opinions of chemists such as Marcellin Berthelot and Etienne Henri Sainte-Claire Deville. He is well known by organic chemists for the Wurtz reaction, to form carbon-carbon bonds by reacting alkyl halides with sodium, and for his discoveries of ethylamine,ethylene glycol, and the aldol reaction. Wurtz was also an influential writer and educator.
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• ELEMENT COMPOSITION
• Hydrogen is used as a high-performance gaseous coolant. Its thermal conductivity is higher than all other gases, it has high specific heat capacity, low density and therefore low viscosity, which is an advantage for rotary machines susceptible to windage losses. Hydrogen-cooled turbogenerators are currently the most common electrical generators in large power plants.

• Inert gases are used as coolants in gas-cooled nuclear reactors. Helium has a low tendency to absorb neutrons and become radioactive. Carbon dioxide is used in Magnox andAGR reactors.
  Sulfur hexafluoride is used for cooling and insulating of some high-voltage power systems (circuit breakers, switches, some transformers, etc.).
  Steam can be used where high specific heat capacity is required in gaseous form and the corrosive properties of hot water are accounted for.

  Ethylene glycol solutions became available in 1926 and were marketed as "permanent antifreeze" since the higher boiling points provided advantages for summertime use as well as during cold weather. They are used today for a variety of applications, including automobiles, but gradually being replaced bypropylene glycol due to its lower toxicity.

Propylene glycol oxidizes when exposed to air and heat, forming lactic acid. If not properly inhibited, this fluid can be very corrosive, so pH buffering agents such as dipotassium phosphate, Protodin and potassium bicarbonate are often added to propylene glycol, to prevent acidic corrosion of metal components.

• Glycerol was historically used as an antifreeze for automotive applications before being replaced by ethylene glycol, which has a lower freezing point.
• Methanol (also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits) is a chemical compound with chemical formula CH₃OH. It is the simplest alcohol, and is a light, volatile, colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid with a distinctive odor that is somewhat milder and sweeter than ethanol (ethyl alcohol). At room temperature, it is apolar solvent and is used as an antifreeze, solvent, fuel, and as a denaturant for ethyl alcohol. It is not popular for machinery, but may be found in automotive windshield washer fluid, de-icers, and gasoline additives.

• GOOD/BAD EFFECTS
• Your engine will not overheat by using water alone.
•  your engine reaches optimal operating temperature quickly while maintaining a safe cooling temperature all round.

• Provides resistance to corrosion in the engine cooling systems by avoiding things like electrolysis
• Dissipate more heat than water alone can and avoids the system boiling at higher temperatures
• Stops freezing of the coolant in extremely low temperatures

Catalytic Filter

CATALYTIC FILTER

 A catalytic converter is an emissions control device that converts toxic gases and pollutants in exhaust gas to less toxic pollutants by catalyzing a redox reaction (an oxidation and a reduction reaction). Catalytic converters are used with internal combustion engines fueled by either petrol (gasoline) or diesel—including lean-burn engines as well as kerosene heaters and stoves.The first widespread introduction of catalytic converters was in the United States automobile market. To comply with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's stricter regulation of exhaust emissions, most gasoline-powered vehicles starting with the 1975 model year must be equipped with catalytic converters.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_converter

• HISTORY

The catalytic converter was invented by Eugene Houdry, a French mechanical engineer and expert in catalytic oil refining who lived in the U.S. around 1950. Houdry became concerned about the role of smoke stack exhaust and automobile exhaust in air pollution and founded a company, Oxy-Catalyst. Houdry first developed catalytic converters for smoke stacks called cats for short.Widespread adoption of catalytic converters didn’t occur until more stringent emission control regulations forced the removal of the anti-knock agent, tetraethyllead, from most gasoline, because lead was a ‘catalyst poison’ and would inactivate the converter by forming a coating on the catalyst’s surface, effectively disabling it.

Catalytic converters were further developed by a series of engineers including John J. Mooney and Carl D. Keith at the Engelhard Corporation, creating the first production catalytic converter in 1973. Dr. William C.Pfefferle developed a catalytic combustion for gas turbines in the early 1970's, allowing combustion without significant formation of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide.

https://www.catalyticconverters.com/history/

• INVENTOR/discoverer

Engineer Eugene Houdry

French chemical engineer Eugene Houdry (1892–1962) patented what seems to have been the very first catalytic converter in the United States, filing the invention on May 5, 1950 and receiving his (US Patent 2,674,521: Catalytic converter for exhaust gases) four years later on April 6, 1954.

• COMPOSITION

Platinum is the catalyst in a catalytic converter, but there are other metals as well, including palladium, rhodium, copper, nickel, cerium, iron, and manganese. We recycle, refine and pay you for the platinum, palladium, and rhodium we reclaim from your catalytic converters.

• GOOD / BAD EFFECTS

• Although catalytic converters are effective at removing hydrocarbons and other harmful emissions, they do not reduce the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) produced when fossil fuels are burnt.

• Carbon dioxide produced from fossil fuels is one of the greenhouse gases indicated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to be a “most likely” cause of global warming.

• The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has stated automobile emissions are a significant and growing cause of global warming, because of their release of nitrous oxide (N2O), a greenhouse gas over three hundred times more potent than carbon dioxide. The EPA states that motor vehicles contribute approximately 8.2% of anthropogenic nitrous oxide emissions in 2008, from a high of 17.77% in 1998.

• Nitrous oxide makes up 7.2% of greenhouse gases.

• An engine equipped with a three-way catalyst must run at the stoichiometric point, which means more fuel is consumed than in a lean-burn engine. This, in turn, means relatively more CO2 emissions from the vehicle. Nevertheless, catalyst-equipped engines produce cleaner exhaust than lean-burn engines.

• Catalytic converter production requires palladium or platinum; part of the world supply of these precious metals is produced near Norilsk, Russia, where the industry (among others) has caused Norilsk to be added to Time magazine’s list of most-polluted places.

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CARBURETOR ASSEMBLY

CARBURETOR

• HISTORY

A device that blends air and fuel for an internal combustion engine.

A carburetor (American and Canadian spelling), carburator, carburettor, or carburetter (Commonwealth spelling).

Carburetors have largely been supplanted in the automotive and, to a lesser extent, aviation industries by fuel injection. They are still common on small engines for lawn mowers, rototillers, and other equipment.

The word carburetor comes from the French carbure meaning "carbide" Carburer means to combine with carbon (compare also carburizing). In fuel chemistry, the term has the more specific meaning of increasing the carbon (and therefore energy) content of a fluid by mixing it with a volatile hydrocarbon.

• INVENTOR/discoverer

The first carburetor was invented by Samuel Morey in 1826.

A carburetor was invented by an Italian, Luigi De Cristoforis, in 1876.

Another carburetor was developed by Enrico Bernardi at the University of Padua in 1882, for hisMotrice Pia, the first petrol combustion engine (one cylinder, 121.6 cc) prototyped on 5 August 1882.

In 1885, Wilhelm Maybach and Gottlieb Daimler developed a float carburetor for their engine based on the atomizer nozzle

• ELEMENT COMPOSITION
• aluminum alloys
• A carburetor contains many parts working together to facilitate its core function. The main structure and largest component of the carburetor is the molded body made from a lightweight alloy or aluminum. The stationary body is under little stress and pressure, therefore, stronger metals are unnecessary.

• GOOD/BAD EFFECTS 
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• Deliver the correct amount of fuel to keep the fuel/air mixture in the proper range (adjusting for factors such as temperature)
• Mix the two finely and evenly
• Cold start
• Hot start
• Idling or slow-running
• Acceleration
• High speed / high power at full throttle
• Cruising at part throttle (light load)

BRAKE PADS

BRAKE PADS

• HISTORY

The D-Brake liquid-cooled driveline brake (LCDB) is a supplemental brake, designed as a solution for the inevitable thermal problems associated with braking. The D-Brake LCDB is a driveline brake which utilizes the vehicles cooling 
system. 
When disc brakes first appeared on production cars in the 1950s, asbestos was used in brake pads. Asbestos brake pads were popular because they dealt with high heat very well and the health effects of asbestos weren't known.

Ceramic pads have replaced semi-metallic brake pads in many applications. First used on production cars in the mid 1980s, ceramic brake pads use copper instead of steel to conduct heat away from the rotor. Ceramic brake pads provide better stopping power and less brake fade than semi-metallic pads. The brake dust from ceramic pads is light colored and doesn't stick to wheels, which means you won't get any of that black dust covering your wheels.

• INVENTORS/discoverer

• The Scottish car company Arrol-Johnston fitted four-wheel brakes to the 15.9 hp model they produced in late 1909/early 1910. In 1911 the company no longer fitted four wheel brakes to their models.
  
• In 1910 Giustino Cattaneo of the Italian Isotta Fraschini Company designed a four wheel brake system. A patent was granted in February of that year.
  
• A year later the system was fitted to the new Isotta Franschini Tipo KM4 production model. 50 of these carswere built between 1911 and 1914. 

• At the January 1923 New York Automobile Show only two manufacturers, Duesenburg (hydraulic brakes) and Rickenbacker (mechanical brakes) offered cars with four-wheel brakes.
  

• ELEMENT COMPOSITION

For many years straightforward asbestos was viewed as having an optimal performance in all five categories.

1. Non-metallic materials - these are made from a combination of various synthetic substances bonded into a composite, principally in the form of cellulose, aramid, PAN, and sintered glass. 
2. Semi-metallic materials - synthetics mixed with some proportion of flaked metals. These are harder than non-metallic pads, and are more fade-resistant and longer lasting, but at the cost of increased wear to the rotor/ drum which then must be replaced sooner.Semi-metallic materials - synthetics mixed with some proportion of flaked metals. These are harder than non-metallic pads, and are more fade-resistant and longer lasting.
3. Fully metallic materials - these pads are used only in racing vehicles, and are composed of sintered steel without any synthetic additives. They are very long-lasting, but require even more force to slow a vehicle and are extremely wearing on rotors. They also tend to be very loud
4. Ceramic materials - Composed of clay and porcelain bonded to copper flakes and filaments, these are a good compromise between the durability of the metal pads and the grip and fade resistance of the synthetic variety

• GOOD / BAD EFFECTS

• Good braking at both low and high speeds

• Light weight

• No electrical draw

• No dangerous electromagnetic fields

• Very low parasitic losses

• Anti-skid protection

• Braking cruise control

• Simple installation

• The material's ability to resist brake fade at increased temperatures